The committee notes that in any assessment, it would be difficult or impossible to quantify all potential health impacts. Key Elements - Kent County, Michigan The bulleted list below provides examples in which some health impacts or behavioral outcomes have been quantified. Acknowledgments Public Health: What It Is and How It Works. The committee finds that an HIA report should at least describe the proposal and alternatives that are the subject of the HIA, the data sources and analytic methods used, the groups and individuals that were consulted in the course of the HIA, the process and findings of each step of the HIA, and the overall conclusions and recommendations. Mechanisms to limit bias in decision-relevant analyses further are discussed in Chapter 4. In 2009, an HIA was conducted to ensure that health impacts were considered in the design and development of The Crossings and in the broader policies that affected redevelopment in the area. It can also include information from social-science and epidemiologic studies regarding the strength of associations between the social and physical environment (such as air and water quality and economic impacts) and health outcomesinformation essential in the quantitative prediction of health effects. For each step, the committee describes the basic purpose, objectives, and practice elements; summarizes the main outputs; and presents conclusions regarding pertinent issues raised. Recommendations may be implemented through regulatory mandates or voluntary actions by stakeholders. Jones and Bartlett, 2009, as adapted in Public Health Accreditation Board Acronyms and Glossary of Terms Version 1.0 [PDF 536KB], July 2011. The wide array of evidence includes public testimony on local conditions and concerns, interviews with key informants, surveys, epidemiologic analysis (for example, observational cross-sectional surveys, longitudinal studies, and intervention or experimental studies), measurement of physical environmental conditions and modeling (for example, modeling of infectious-disease propagation or dispersion of noise and air pollutants), and expert opinion. Screening is often not well documented, and it is often not clear from an HIA report what factors were considered in making the decision to do an HIA. Quigley RJ, Taylor LC. Robust and continuing efforts to inform decision-makers of the findings and recommendations of the HIA and efforts by HIA practitioners and other stakeholders to champion choices that will benefit health can be an essential part of an effective HIA. In other cases, it may not be possible to attribute a particular decision to the influence of an HIA (Wismar et al. Self-evaluation performed by the HIA teamfor example, against a set of process objectives or practice criteriaserves quality-assurance aims and can produce insights that will improve the field. Chapter 2 established the rationale for examining the potential effects of decisions on health and health disparities and highlighted health impact assessment (HIA) as a potential tool for assessing the health implications of various decisions. Sources of information used in a baseline profile might include census data, hospital-discharge records, disease registries, and population and behavior surveys, such as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, in which information is collected on different geographic scales. It is important for event staff to know exactly who has final decision-making power to eliminate potential conflicts. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted An HIA, however, might not provide any recommendations; this could occur if the HIA failed to reveal any important health effects. Bhatia R, Wernham A. Because of the timeframe of proposal implementation and effects on health, outcome evaluation often requires a long-term research commitment. Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment. A variety of information was used to inform the process, Scoping: Atlanta BeltLine HIA. Available studies suggest that efforts to involve and inform decision- makers throughout the HIA process and a strong relationship between the HIA team and decision-makers are often critical for the HIAs effectiveness (Veerman et al. The scoping phase was used to identify the parameters of the assessment, the affected and most vulnerable populations, and potential key health effects. (2015). Assessing alternatives in parallel with the proposal can aid decision-making by highlighting tradeoffs and actions that can be taken to achieve the desired outcome while minimizing harms. Evaluation of whether a decision has changed specific health outcomes may often be difficult or impossible because of the complex and multifactorial causal pathways involved in many health outcomes, the length of time from implementation of a decision to observable changes in health indicators, and the lack of suitable comparison groups (Quigley and Taylor 2004; Parry and Kemm 2005). University researchers have conducted HIAs, and community-based organizations have conducted HIAs with technical assistance from public-health experts to inform officials who are deliberating on a legislative or administrative proposal. The variability in the practice has evolved in the absence of widely accepted practice standards or formal regulatory or procedural requirements for HIA outside NEPA and related state laws (see Appendix A). In practice, not all HIAs have conducted systematic literature reviews or documented review methods. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Scoping also establishes a plan for the analytic methods that will be used during the assessment phase. The .gov means its official. A plan is typically updated every three to five years. However, it is important to note that the use of qualitative approaches in HIA should not be interpreted as implying a need for less analytic rigor. Key elements of the model include: Disseminating surveys Conducting key informant interviews and focus groups Incorporating county-level data on health Small rural hospitals may lack the required resources to successfully address issues that may be identified as a result of a CHNA. The committee proposes on the basis of its review the following adaptation of the current working definition of the International Association of Impact Assessment (Quigley et al. The Crossings is a proposed housing development in Los Angeles that will provide 450 units in a newly rezoned residential area that needs affordable housing. Additional modeling approaches, such as system-dynamic modeling and agent-based models, are also promising and emerging tools that could have applications to health. A review of health impact assessment frameworks. Because the degree to which the proposed action affects public health or safety is one factor considered, this process could be considered the equivalent of the screening step of an HIA. By examining the various components of the different assessment and planning models, we are able to identify areas for coordination, ways to maximize collaboration, and strategies to further improve community health. For example, HIA reports can be disseminated in hard copy, in electronic format, at public meetings, to focus groups, or at different stages in the HIA process or policy cycle. ADA (Atlanta Development Authority). Alerting decision-makers to the more general need to focus on health in future decisions. The Public Health Accreditation board defines community health assessment as a systematic examination of the health status indicators for a given population that is used to identify key problems and assets in a community. Although the reasons and objectives for HIA are often not articulated at the outset of screening, establishing well-defined objectives will focus the screening process on determining whether HIA is likely to be an effective approach for achieving them. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were used for the county and the state and stratified by race. However, many HIA reports are available from public agencies, universities, and nonprofit organizations, and the committee found few examples of HIAs led or commissioned by the private sector that were available. Catholic Healthcare West Guidelines for Community Health Assessment This document is meant to help CHW hospitals identify and evaluate community health issues, and capacities for dealing with them. Calculations were conducted to develop a vulnerability score. Public-health professionals reviewed the results of the analysis. The committee notes that any limitations, incomplete data, and uncertainty in the baseline analysis should be clearly stated. A statement of why the proposal was selected for screening. Monitoring focuses on measures that are likely to be sensitive and early indicators of change. Bhatia R, Seto E. Quantitative estimation in Health Impact Assessment: Opportunities and challenges. Intermediate HIAs require more time and resources and involve more complex pathways, more stakeholder engagement, and a more detailed analysis but include little collection of new data. A description of the political and policy context of the decision and an analysis of the opportunities to influence decision-making or otherwise make health-oriented changes. A related issue is incomplete disclosuresuch as disclosure of only summary information without data or analysis, disclosure only by electronic media in communities unlikely to have access, and English-only reports. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Collaboration with decision-makers or consultation with experts familiar with the legal or regulatory context may be the most effective way to ensure that recommendations are pragmatic and can be practically incorporated into the decision-making process. This information can help develop a community health improvement plan by justifying how and where resources should be allocated to best meet community needs. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. Vol. Jagannathan R, Camasso MJ, Sambamoorthi U. A decision-making bodysuch as a department of planning or transportation can conduct an HIA to inform its own decision. World Bank. Mindell J, Ison E, Joffe M. A glossary for health impact assessment.
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